Kranzer

Dear Sir:For the most recent 16 years I have taken on ever more prominent duty regarding medical attendant administration at the University of Chicago hospitals.â Currently, I am chief of their basic consideration offices and administer both the pediatric and grown-up crisis departments.â Currently, I am answerable for proceeding with instruction and exploration exercises for 350 FTEs and I love my activity. Be that as it may, I have arrived at the zenith of my vocation with this emergency clinic association and might want to now proceed onward to more prominent difficulties and responsibilities.As you will note on the encased resume, notwithstanding 23 years logically progressively capable nursing and nursing oversight positions, I have as of late started deal with my lord of science in nursing. In the long run, I want to teach different medical caretakers and help with progress in the field of nursing. In any case, as much as I may appreciate instructing later on, I likewise ap preciate departmental management.You may well envision that in my situation in Chicago, I have seen a touch of everything. I have helped actualize the rape advocates program at the University of Chicago medical clinics, arranged financial plans and recruited staff. I have worked with staffing offices to keep up required nursing levels while remaining inside spending plan. I have assisted the college of Chicago clinics with achieving and keep up quality patient care.My experience is expansive based and broad, making me the ideal expansion to your staff.â I anticipate the chance to meet with you and examine my vision for your hospital.â Thank you for your time a consideration.Sincerely, Susan French Kranzer

Over-the-counter (OTC) medicines

Over-the-counter (OTC) medications are drugs you can purchase without a solution contrasted with doctor prescribed medications, which may just be offered to customers with a medicine. Some OTC prescriptions ease throbs, agonies and tingles. Some forestall or fix infections, similar to tooth rot and competitor's foot. Others help oversee repeating issues, similar to headaches. With regards to regarding such normal infirmities as hacks and colds, fever, acid reflux, and a throbbing painfulness, individuals are utilizing more kinds of non-remedy, over-the-counter drugs than any time in recent memory before.Once comprising of a moderately modest number of meds, OTC meds presently represent most of all meds utilized, including numerous that were once accessible just by solution. There are in excess of 100,000 OTC items available today, and the market is worth  £500million-in addition to a year and is developing each year. The absolute most regular instances of OTC medications are tormen t relievers, antihistamines, hack prescriptions. Agony relievers are meds used to treat torment brought about by any number of conditions. They can be utilized to treat migraines, joint agony, muscle issues or minor injuries.Some instances of OTC painkillers are Anacin Tylenol and Excedrin. Nonexclusive variants of these brand-name meds can likewise be found. Some nonexclusive models incorporate headache medicine, ibuprofen, and ketoprofen. Antihistamines are prescriptions used to treat or forestall the side effects of hypersensitivities. OTC antihistamines can be separated into two sorts: first and second era. A few instances of original antihistamines are Dimetapp, Benadryl. Second-age models incorporate Claritin and Zyrtec. While the two kinds can be utilized to treat hypersensitivities, original antihistamines can likewise be utilized to treat colds. The two kinds can be blended in with different drugs, for example, painkillers, to treat a few side effects at once.OTC hack meds are part into two separate classes: antitussives and expectorants. Antitussives work as hack suppressants. They soothe hacking fits by obstructing the reflex to hack. Expectorants meager the bodily fluid that causes hacking, making it simpler to separate and diminishing the term of the hack. Instances of OTC antitussives incorporate Triaminic Cold and Cough and Robitussin Cough. Instances of OTC expectorants incorporate Mucinex and Robitussin Chest Congestion. The advantages of OTC medications are the expenses to the patients and the NHS.People looking for help from indications of normal afflictions and a few maladies can stay away from the costâ of a specialist's visit by buying OTC medications can in any case have certainty that the medication meets important rules. Likewise, OTC medications are commonly more affordable than doctor prescribed drugs this both profiting the NHS and the patient. A few issues with OTC medications have emerged with patients mishandling ovOTCr the coun ter medications. They are promptly accessible to the overall population. As per the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, the quantity of individuals mishandling solution and OTC medications bounced from 4.7 million to 6.9 million somewhere in the range of 2005 and 2007.OTC medications are considered safe whenever utilized as coordinated. In any case, it appears to be certain that not every person is following the headings. A main explanation OTC medication misuse is pervasive is on the grounds that these medications are open and moderately modest. Numerous individuals as of now have OTC medications in their medication cupboards or pantries. There is no compelling reason to shroud the medications because of a paranoid fear of raising doubts or getting captured. Unlawful medications, which can deliver a similar impact as OTC medications, are progressively hazardous to acquire and regularly increasingly exorbitant. Just as maltreatment of OTC medications there’s habit Alone, codeine phosphate is just accessible on remedy. Be that as it may, it has been accessible OTC in low dosages and in mix with headache medicine, paracetamol, or ibuprofen for some years.The most normal fixation is to the OTC medication Solpadeine †a blend of paracetamol and codeine. There are 4,000 realized individuals enrolled that are presently have this issue. Taking everything into account OTC medications can have there pluses and negatives on the overall population. It spares a great deal of NHS cash by having over the counter medications by sparing a ton of doctor’s time for minor illnesses. Anyway there have been a great deal of issues with misuse and addictions that have emerged from this scrutinizing where some are alright for patients to get such access to.

Writing the Best Descriptive Essay Topics

Writing the Best Descriptive Essay TopicsThe best descriptive essay topics will get your audience's attention and keep them on the page for a long time. You must choose a topic that is interesting to read about, while providing enough information to satisfy the demands of a readership that requires some basic knowledge.One of the basic skills that you can take advantage of as a writer is understanding how each sentence should be structured. The most basic structure to a sentence is the subject, verb, and object. You will learn all about these basic elements of writing a descriptive essay topic by reading textbooks on writing skills and grammar books.Subject is the first element. The subject of a sentence is the main subject of the piece. In the most basic subject line on the subject is the title of your piece. In the example 'Mary was just finishing the floor in her bedroom', the subject is Mary, the title is the word just, and the verb is finishing the floor.Part of the construction of a sentence is the verb. This is the tool used to tell what is going on in the subject. As in the first example above, this is the tool that sets the main action of the sentence. As the writer you need to make sure that you avoid unnecessary or boring detail. Too much detail could distract the reader from the main point of the essay.The most descriptive essay topics are full of images and specific details. There are some exceptions to this rule, but many writers find that the subject is the most important part of their writing. Once you understand this concept, it is easier to write a quality description essay topic.It is very important to remember that no matter how good your description essay topics are, it is still up to you to turn the writing piece into a completed article. This is the most difficult part of a descriptive essay topic, and many times the best way to become a better writer is to create writing content. Creating content for your reader is the process of making sure that your writing is factual and interesting. Good descriptions should be interesting, and if you are unable to come up with good material, it is time to consult with someone who can help you.One of the hardest parts of writing a piece is to describe something that you do not understand. The process of describing something that you do not know requires a certain amount of imagination and excitement. Just think about it, if you cannot describe something in an exciting way, you are forced to say that you do not know what you are talking about. This will only cause the reader to lose interest in your writing.For best description essay topics, make sure that you plan your entire project from the beginning. Consider how you would answer the question 'What does Mary do?' before you ask the question 'What does Mary do?'

Corporate Governance and Ethics Essay - 1498 Words

As a CEO of a corporation there is nothing more rewarding then maximizing the wealth of your shareholders, in addition, to increasing the value of the firm. However, it should not be done unethically and jeopardize the financial, social status as well as the reputation of the company, ultimately causing them to suffer in the end. There are systems put into place to avoid such acts that are generally overseen by the board of the directors of organization. In most companies the board of directors consists of shareholders or former employees of the company. Due to the recent scandals in corporate America many companies have acted quickly in actually implementing rules and regulations. They are sometimes referred to as the ethical codes.†¦show more content†¦Women are known to be a bit more â€Å"sensitive† than a man, therefore she’ more opted to working or dealing with charitable events due to their dire need of help. I am not implying that companies headed by women are more or least successful than one headed by a man. I am simply implying that they will do better in the â€Å"social responsibility aspects of the big picture. Ethical codes are normally adopted by corporation to help set forth the moral structure of a company. They are often set up to help organizations to make the â€Å"right† decision in certain situations. Ethical codes generally has three different levels (Wikipedia, 2011), code of ethics (corporate and business ethics), code of conduct (employee ethics), and code of practice (professional ethics). Code of ethics is defined as the general principals of an organization that summarizes their beliefs (QFinance – The Ultimate Resource, 2009). Rodriquez-Dominquez, Gallego-Alvarez, and Garcia-Sanchez (2009) state â€Å"recent corporate scandals have demonstrated the need to create internal codes of conduct and apply them to the members of the board of directors and top management in order to uphold the reputation, ethical behavior and integrity of the company†. (p.187) According to (Rodriquez-Dominquez, 2009), recent research has shown a positive correlation  "between corporate social responsibility and several characteristics of corporate governance†. The results also showShow MoreRelatedThe Ethics Of The Corporate Governance1564 Words   |  7 Pages The Corporate Governance refers to the mechanisms, rules and regulations in which companies and governing bodies are put into task on various occurrences under their performance. It can be said to be a guideline which directs how companies achieve their objectives and more so how these objectives are set. In this case, abiding to the ASX corporate Governance Council has its merits and limitations at the same time. By abiding to the principle of laying solid foundations for the oversightRead MoreCase Studies of Business Ethics Corporate Governance3354 Words   |  14 PagesAn Assignment of Business Ethics amp; Corporate Governance CASE STUDIES Module I BHOPAL GAS TRAGEDY December 3, 2009, marked the 25th anniversary of the worlds worst ever industrial disaster - the gas leak that occurred at Union Carbide India Ltds (UCIL) pesticide plant in Bhopal (Madhya Pradesh, India). The tragedy that instantly killed more than 3,000 people and left thousands injured and affected for life, occurred when water entered Methyl Isocyanate (MIC) storage tank No. 610Read MoreEmployment-At-Will Doctrine - Law, Ethics, and Corporate Governance1278 Words   |  6 PagesEmployment-At-Will Doctrine Ronald V. Smiley Strayer University Law, Ethics, and Corporate Governance LEG-500 Dr. Diane Barrs April 15, 2012 Employment-At-Will Doctrine The first issue to learn is the employment relationships are presumed to be â€Å"at-will† in all U.S. states except Montana. The U.S. is one of a handful of countries where employment is predominantly at-will. Most countries throughout the world allow employers to dismiss employees only for cause. The training should firstRead MoreCorporate Governance and Business Ethics Case Study2156 Words   |  9 PagesASSIGNMENT NO.1 Subject: CORPORATE GOVERNANCE Topic: Business Ethics scenario Case Study Date: 7th March 2011 Submitted by: Miss. Janhavi R Joshi Submitted to: Professor Mrs. Monica Khanna 1. Receiving a Holiday Gift: A supplier sends a basket of expensive foodstuffs to your home at Christmas with a card: We hope you and your family enjoy the goodies.. What action(s) might you want to take? Answer: Ethical dilemma: There are two reasons for such generosity from the SupplierRead MoreWhat Must Be Done to Improve Ethics in Finance and Corporate Governance?1211 Words   |  5 PagesU10A2- Essay Louise Pettiford What must be done to improve ethics in finance and corporate governance? Corporate governance can be referred to the rules, processes, or laws by which businesses are operated, regulated and controlled. It can also refer to internal factors defined by the officers, stockholders or constitution of a corporation. After finding the meaning of Corporate governance, which can also be referred to corporate responsibility, I thought about the policies in which the companyRead MoreEvaluate the Internal and External Influence on Primark and Relate to It to Best Practices, Corporate Governance, Corporate Social Responsibility and Ethics?1757 Words   |  8 PagesINDEX HISTORY OF PRIMARK PESTEL ANALYSIS SWOT ANALYSIS CORPORATE GOVERNANCE CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND ETHICS CONCLUSION REFERENCES Evaluate the internal and external influence on Primark and relate to it to best practices, corporate governance, corporate social responsibility and ethics? Majority organizations need best practices for achieving organizational objectives in the terms of profit, social and ethics issues. Primark’s best practice frame work is discussingRead Morecorporate governance1590 Words   |  7 PagesSummary: Corporate governance is an essential part of modern company operations and management , it relates to business ethics, code of conduct and system to manage a company. However, there are many corporate scandals due to the failure of corporate governance. This report analyzes the corporate governance from multiple aspects. It is through the understanding the relationship between corporate governance and business ethics, evaluating the ASX principles as a guidelines to corporate governance and analyzingRead MoreWhy Ethics Are Important to Auditors1355 Words   |  6 Pagesit. Although the process producing a judgment may involve an audit as an independent professional, its aim is to give a measurement instead of expressing an opinion for the accuracy of statements or the level of excellence in their performance. Ethics may be defined as the actions showed by an individual on himself to ensure his continued survival across the dynamics. It is a personal thing. A person individually performs a task according to his style of work; then he considers himself ethicalRead More Corporate Governance Evaluation and Rating Essay examples1562 Words   |  7 PagesCorporate Governance Evaluation and Rating Nowadays it is not unusual for an investor to reflect governance matters while deciding about investment determinations. As a result, numerous corporations are in the business of rating corporate governance procedures of public companies. Some corporations offer credit ratings in addition to governance ratings. As far back as the 70’s organizations have dealt with business ethics in a host of different approaches which includes the institution of complianceRead MoreSatyam Computer Services LImited Essay example1241 Words   |  5 PagesEmirates, TRW, i2 Technologies and Ford. Satyam had established it’s self as a global IT company. By 2008, Satyam’s revenues were more than US $2 billion. It received the â€Å"Golden Peacock Award† for excellence in corporate governance from the World Council for Corporate Governance. Its outside auditing firm was PricewaterhouseCoopers (PWC) and Merrill Lynch was its deal advisor. Its board of directors was made up of executive and non-executives of the company. All of the company’s quarterly and

Falalalala - French Christmas Carol Lyrics

Falalalala is the French version of Deck the Halls. They are sung to the same tune, but the lyrics are quite different. The translation given here is the literal translation of the French Christmas carol. Que lon chante quon sapprà ªteFa la la la la, la la la laSonnez pipeaux et trompettesFa la la la la, la la la laCar cest la joie quon apporteFa la la, la la la, la la laOuvrez donc grandes vos portesFa la la la la, la la la la.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Let us sing let us get readyFa la la la la, la la la laRing pipes and trumpetsFa la la la la, la la la laSince its joy that we bringFa la la, la la la, la la laOpen your doors wideFa la la la la, la la la la Dans les villes et les villagesFa la la la la, la la la laRà ©pandons notre messageFa la la la la, la la la laProclamons la joie profondeFa la la, la la la, la la laQue Dieu a donnà © au mondeFa la la la la, la la la la   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In cities and townsFa la la la la, la la la laLet us spread our messageFa la la la la, la la la laLet us proclaim the profound joyFa la la, la la la, la la laThat God has given the worldFa la la la la, la la la la Voici les cloches qui sonnentFa la la la la, la la la laQue le nouvel an nous donneFa la la la la, la la la laUn coeur rempli de tendresseFa la la, la la la, la la laCest la plus belle richesseFa la la la la, la la la la   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Here are the clocks chimingFa la la la la, la la la laMay the new year give usFa la la la la, la la la laA heart full of tendernessFa la la, la la la, la la laIts the most beautiful wealthFa la la la la, la la la la

Marie Curie Essays - 1069 Words

MARIE CURIE AND THE STUDY OF RADIOACTIVITY nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Marie Curie was born, Maria Sklodowska on November 7, 1867. She grew up in Warsaw, Poland. She would become famous for her research on radioactivity. Marie Curie was the first woman to ever win a Nobel prize, and the first ever to win two Nobel prizes. She is most famous for the discovery of Radium and Polonium. Her work not only influenced the development of fundamental science, but also began a new era in medical research and treatment. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Maria was the last of five children. Her oldest sister died of Typhus, one sister became a teacher and a brother and a sister both became physicians. Her family was not very rich, but education was†¦show more content†¦During Maries time, the atom was thought to be the smallest particle in existence. At first, Marie and Pierre Curie believed that perhaps the atom was covered with cosmic rays. Marie tested numerous elements to find if other ones than Uranium would make the air conduct electricity better. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Pierre was so interested in Maries work, that he joined forces with her. Her research had revealed that two uranium ores, pitchblende and chalcolite were much more radioactive that pure uranium. Marie concluded that the highly radioactive nature of these ores may possibly be due to undiscovered elements. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In July of 1898, Marie and Pierre Cure discovered Polonium. They named the element after Maries birth country, Poland. Chemically, this new element was very similar to bismuth, but it contained radioactivity, so it must be new. In December of 1898, the Curies discovered yet another element. They named this one radium, from the Latin word for ray. The two new elements had completely different chemical properties, but they both had very strong radioactivity. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;It was not easy for Marie and Pierre to convince the science community of their new findings. Marie succeeded in separating the radium from the barium, but it wasnt easy. She had to treat very large amounts of pitchblende, but she had plenty of pitchblende to use. (The CuriesShow MoreRelatedThe Life of Marie Curie Essay examples837 Words   |  4 PagesI chose to do my project on Marie Curie, the woman who discovered radium and polonium. She was born Mary Sklodowska on November 7, 1867 in Warsaw, Poland and died July 4, 1934 in Passy, France at the age of 67. In 1895, Marie married a professor named Pierre Curie at the age of 26. She was the first woman to complete a doctorate in France in MMMM at the age xxx. And in MMMMM, Curie was also the first female professor at the Sorbonne. She was the first person to use the term â€Å"radioactivity†, whichRead MoreMarie Curie s Life And Accomplishments1583 Words   |  7 PagesMarie Curie is an inspiration to many women because of her dedication to scientific discovery that resulted in her being the first woman to win a Nobel Prize. It was, and still is, difficult for women to establish themselves in the STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) field as related professions have historically been male dominated. However, Marie Curie’s work with radiation and the Nobel Prizes in Physics and Chemistry that followed opened the door of possibilities for womenRead MoreMarie Curie s On The Discovery Of Radium1079 Words   |  5 PagesThis source I decided to choose to write about is Marie Curie’s â€Å"On the Discovery of Radium†. This was a firsthand account by Madame Marie Curie herself when she addressed Vasser College on May 14th 1921. Madame Curie, while discussing her past with the discovery of radium, could have talked about the whole history of her experimentation, but broke it down to a very brief account. I will have to say, that even though it was a short and brief writing, it took longer to read due to the lack of myRead MoreBiography of Marie and Pierre Curie Essay2008 Words   |  9 Pagesresearch over Marie and Pierre Curie I was able to put together this paper. This paper contains information about the life of Pierre and Marie Curie and their significance to physics and science in general. Pierre and Marie Curie are best known for their pioneering work in the study of radioactivity. The couple’s work led to their discovery of the elements radium and polonium (Dick). Pierre Curie was born on May 15, 1859. He was born in Paris, France. Pierre’s parents were Eugene Curie and Sophie-ClaireRead More Marie Curie Essay899 Words   |  4 Pages Marie Curie, or rather Marya Sklodowska, was born in Warsaw on November 7, 1867. At the time, the Polish capital was occupied by the Russians, who were seeking to weaken the local elite . Based on the value of experience and scientific reality, and applied to society, it was for many intellectuals the path of progress, it was to leave an indelible mark on Marya. Born into a family of teachers and brought up in an environment marked by a sense of duty and a lack of money, she led the most remarkableRead MoreThe Life Of Marie Curie1458 Words   |  6 PagesThe life of Marie Curie and her Einstein Number Marie Curie, born Maria Sklodowska was born in Warsaw, Poland. Gaining her basic education in public schools and some of her scientific training from her father. As a student she became involved in a Student s Revolutionary organization and found it necessary to leave Warsaw. This move helping to give her the means to begin her longstanding career in science. She would eventually become one of the most famous women in science to date, an icon inRead MoreEssay about Marie Curie851 Words   |  4 Pages Marie Curie LIFE OF MARIE CURIE nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Marie Curie(1867-1934) was a French physicist with many accomplishments in both physics and chemistry. Marie and her husband Pierre, who was also a French physicist, are both famous for their work in radioactivity. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Marie Curie, originally named Marja Sklodowska, was born in Warsaw, Poland on Nov.7, 1867. Her first learning of physics came from her father who taught it in high school. Maries father mustRead MoreMarie Curie: Radium Essay521 Words   |  3 Pagesit is only to be understood. Now is the time to understand more so that we may fear less.† (Lewis, Jone Johnson). Marie Curie was always one step ahead of herself. She would always say, â€Å"Be less curious about people and more curious about ideas.† (Lewis, Jone Johnson). She wanted to find something no one else had found and make things no one would ever think about making. Marie Curie was the founder of Radium. Radium is the chemical element of atomic number 88. It is a rare radioactive metal of theRead More Pierre And Marie Curie Essay1520 Words   |  7 PagesPierre and Marie Curie and the Discovery of Polonium and Radium nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Marie and Pierre Curies pioneer research was again brought to mind when nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;on 20 April last year, their bodies were taken from their place of burial at Sceaux, nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;just outside Paris, and in a solemn ceremony were laid to rest under the mighty nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;dome of the Panthà ©on. Marie Curie thus becameRead MoreThe Life And Accomplishments Of Marie Curie Essay1370 Words   |  6 PagesMarie Curie was born on November 7, 1867 in Warsaw, Poland. Her first few years were very trying on her spirits; her sister died from typhus, and four years later, her mother. Despite her difficult childhood, however, Curie went on to graduate at the top of her high school class at the age of fifteen. Due to her gender and Russian reprisals following the January Uprising, she was prohibited from going to a university, and therefore attended the illegal underground Flying University. In 1891, howeve r

Duties of Seamen in a Ships Deck Department free essay sample

Duties of Seamen in Ships Deck Department Officers, Bos’n, Able Seamen and Ordinary Seamen run this department The many and varied duties of the deck department are probably the most important and interesting aboard a merchant ship. Upon those who spend their working hours topside falls a burden that ranges from chipping and scaling paint to the actual navigation of the vessel. Merchant ships differ in size and complement, but the average ship that sails the seven seas today, bringing war material to our armies and those of our allies, generally conforms to a single pattern of manpower.The duties of those men also run true to form, more or less, but as the saying goes among seamen â€Å"different ship, different long splice. † All of which is translated as meaning that different ships and masters have their own way of doing things. Generally, however, they are similar. Starting at the bottom is the Ordinary Seaman (OS) whose duties actually are to assist the able seaman. In reality, however, he is the deck utility man and may be called upon to do any one of many tasks.The ordinary may be called upon to stand a lookout, to scale and chip paint, to paint, handle lines in the mooring of the ship, and to assist in the actual tying up and letting go of the vessel. The ordinary also assists in the handling and operation of all deck gear such as topping, cradling and housing of booms and he may also be asked to aid the carpenter in repair work. It is likely that the ordinary may be allowed to act as helmsman, to read the draft markings or to act as cargo watch in the loading and discharging of cargo. Calling the watch (the awakening of men, including officers, who are slated to go on watch or to so remind them if they are awake) is another of the important duties of the ordinary. He also assists in emergency drills (lifeboat, abandon ship and fire) and keeps the passageways and heads in shipshape condition on the 4 to 8 watch. He may also work aloft or over the side. The Able Seaman (AB), by law, must be able to perform any deck duties aside from the actual navigation of the vessel.In general his duties include the ability to splice wire or fibre line, to work aloft and over the side of the ship, to operate the deck machinery such as the windlass or winches, to paint and mix paint, to know the principles of cargo stowage, to be a good wheelsman and competent lookout, to overhaul and install any running or standing rigging on the ship, and to be able to sew, repair and mend canvas. The AB must be a competent and certified lifeboatman, able to handle a lifeboat under oars or sail. He must know lifeboat equipment and be able to assume the duties of the cox’n or man in charge of the lifeboat. It will also be the duty of the AB to maintain the bridge in a clean and shipshape condition. Next on the way up the deck department ladder is the Bo’sn (Boatswain), senior unlicensed man on the ship. He is the direct contact between the crew and the chief mate and he may be likened to a foreman in any industrial plant. The Bo’s’n must be an experienced seaman and is held responsible for anything and everything in the maintenance, care and protection of deck equipment and deck cargo. He also supervises the securing of the ship for sea and the loading and discharging of cargo.In addition, the Bos’n assists the chief mate in ordering the deck stores. The duties of the ships Carpenter (Chips) are numerous. He is likely to be called upon to perform work which, in many cases, is beyond that which the term carpenter implies ashore. In short, he is both a seaman and a mechanic. In addition to doing temporary or permanent wood construction aboard ship with hand tools, he is responsible for the operation of the anchor windlass, seeing that hatch wedges are driven properly, that the deck cargo is properly lashed and that the hatch battens are in place and secure.The carpenter also repairs blocks, keeps the lifeboat davits in good order, builds temporary or permanent partitions, shores or braces weakened or damaged bulkheads, rigs a collision mat, builds a soft patch in the event of bulging or collision, replaces broken rivets and he will assume command of an emergency crew to repair damage in event of a collision. A Quartermaster is not a fixture on all vessels. On the larger ships, he is primarily a wheelsman and maintains the bridge and its equipment in shipshape order.He is conversant wit h signaling procedure, stands a gangway watch in port (responsible for the safety and security of the ship as well as escorting persons aboard who have business) and he is able to perform the duties of an able seaman (splicing line, reaving a halyard, etc. ). â€Å"Day men,† those who work with the Bo’s’n, are usually picked for outstanding ability. They work from 0800 to 1700 and stand no night watches. Their duties are the maintenance of the ship, which includes operating the anchor windlass, winches and other deck machinery.The Third Mate is the junior deck officer and normally stands the 8 to 12 watch. He is responsible for all life-saving equipment. In addition, the third mate keeps the ship’s log, follows the captain’s orders, and assists in the navigation of the vessel. In port, he will assist or supervise in the loading and discharging of cargo. His place is on the bridge with the captain while docking. The Second Mate, usually the navigation officer, plots courses and takes celestial and terrestrial fixes.In peacetime he is the communications officer but the Naval officer in charge of the armed guard crew is rapidly assuming those duties because many of the messages now received are in secret code. The second mate also handles the after deck when tying up. He stands the 12 to 4 watch. The First or Chief Mate is responsible for the maintenance of the ship and proper stowage of cargo. He handles the fore deck in tying up, is a good navigator, a thorough seaman, possesses the necessary qualities of leadership and will assume command of the vessel in the event of the master’s death or inability to command the ship.He stands the 4 to 8 watch. This brings us to the Captain who is lord and master of all he surveys. Actually his title is â€Å"Master. † He is in charge of everything and everyone aboard ship. He must be as closely acquainted with the steward’s department and the engine department as he is with the bridge and he must know the reason for every job performed aboard his vessel. It should be remembered that the Master is the agent of the company which owns the ship and is not a member of the crew. He represents the company in every operation of the ship under his command.His is the full responsibility of the ship. Although he stands no watches he will always be found, in the event of foul weather or fog, on the weather side of the bridge until the danger is over, even though such foul weather lasts for 24, 48 or even 72 hours at a stretch. In any emergency the captain will be up on the bridge conning his ship, despite the fact that he may have sunk exhausted on his bunk after a long vigil just three hours ago. The captain also may act in the Shipping Commissioner’s capacity in signing off a crew after a coastwise trip.It is required of a master, as well as all his mates, that he have a first aid certificate and be capable of administering, if necessary, to the medical needs of the crew. Any one of the deck officers from the Third Mate up will be in charge of any one of the lifeboats in abandoning ship. When a ship is at sea, the watches are usually four hours on and eight hours off, but the crew may be broken out at any time in the event of an emergency. While in port, watches are usually broken. The crew works from 0800 to 1700 with an hour for chow.The ordinary or able seamen agree among themselves, as a general rule, as to which will stand the gangway watch at night. It is important to remember that although every man in the deck department has specific duties, he must be absolutely familiar with the duties of the men who rank above him. [edit] Deck department [edit] Chief officer/chief mate Main article: Chief mate The chief officer (often called the chief mate in the United States) is the head of the deck department on a merchant vessel, second-in-command after the ships master.The chief mates primary responsibilities are the vessels cargo operations, its stability, and supervising the deck crew. The mate is responsible for the safety and security of the ship, as well as the welfare of the crew on board. Additional duties include maintenance of the ships hull, cargo gears, accommodations, the life saving appliances and the firefighting appliances. The Chief Mate also trains the crew and cadets on various aspects like safety, firefighting, search and rescue, and various other contingencies.On most vessels, the chief officer and first officer (or first mate) are synonymous, but passenger vessels often carry a separate first officer who is junior to the chief officer. [citation needed] [edit] Second officer/second mate Main article: Second mate The second officer (or second mate) of a merchant vessel is usually in charge of navigation and is the next licensed position above third officer and below chief officer. The second mate typically stands the 12-4 navigation watch. That is, the second mate will stand watch from 1200 to 1600 at noon and again from 0000 to 0400 in the night s. The second mate is typically the navigation officer aboard a ship. The navigation officer is responsible for maintaining the charts and navigational equipment on the bridge. The duties also usually entail developing the voyage plans under the direction of the ships master. In the United States system, it takes 360 days of sea service as a licensed Third Officer before one can become a Second Officer. [citation needed] The other duties of this position often depend upon the type of ship worked aboard.He planned to destroy the Earth’s sun, giving him access to a powerful energy source and annihilating the human race in the process. In order to destroy the sun, he needed a massive device buried somewhere in Egypt. But his brothers were loyal to the human race and wouldn’t let him destroy the world. Instead, they sacrificed their lives to protect the key—the only object that would engage the device. Sam (Shia Labeouf) is heading off to college 3000 miles away from his girlfriend MacKayla (Megan Fox), his overprotective and emotional mother, and his anxious father.While packing, he finds a sliver of the energy cube (which was destroyed in the previous film) attached to his sweatshirt. When he touches it, the sliver sends signals into his mind, causing him to see symbols which he later discovers are the lost language of the Primes. These symbols lead him, his girlfriend, his cowardly roommate, and a robot expert to Egypt in search of the key that will engage the sun-destroying device. The Decepticons set out in search of Sam, planning to probe his mind for the symbols and then destroy him. The Autobots come to his rescue, but Optimus Prime, the last member of the Prime family, pays the ultimate sacrifice. With Optimus Prime gone, the fallen can rise again and set forth his plan to destroy the planet. Now both Sam and the Fallen seek the key; not only does it have the power to engage the sun-blasting device, but it can also resurrect Optimus Prime. Review The first Transformers movie was a smashing success, proving to all the sceptics that films about transforming robots could be serious and satisfying.Transformers 2: Revenge of the Fallen did not fair so well. The actors, particularly Sam’s mother (played by Julie White), took more liberties than their roles allowed, making the opening scenes particularly corny. Julie White acted over the top and embarrassingly silly. The film redeemed itself with mind-blowing action sequences and special effects. There were more robot fight scenes, more destruction of world famous landmarks, and more dynamic and creatively constructed Autobots. For the fight scenes alone, this movie is worth seeing in theatres.

Si duhet ta mbajne fjalen sundimtaret Essays -

Si duhet ta mbajne fjalen sundimtaret Secili e di sa eshte per lavdate kur sundimtari e mban fjalen e jeton me nder e jo me dinakeri, megjithate, ne kohet tona, pervoja po tregon se vepra te medha kane bere ata sundimtare qe i kane kushtuar pak kujdes fjales se dhene e kane ditur me dinakeri t'i sjellin verdalle kokat e njerezve, e qe, me ne fund, kane triumfuar mbi ata te cilet jane mbeshtetur ne ligjshmeri. Pra, duhet te dini se ekgzistojne dy menyra lufte: me ligje e me force. E para, eshte cilesi e njeriut, e dyta, cilesi e shtazeve; mirepo, meqenese e para shpesh nuk mjafton, lypset te zbatohet e dyta. Prandaj, sundimtari duhet te dije mire te sillet me cilesite e shtazes e te njeriut. Mbasi, pra, sundimtari eshte i detyruar te dije mire te sillet si kafshe, lypset te zgjedhe prej tyre dhelpren e luanin: luanin, sepse nuk ruhet nga kurthi; dhelpren, sepse nuk ruhet nga ujqit. Duhet, pra, te jesh dhelper qe t'i njohesh kurthet, ndersa luan, qe t'i trembesh ujqit. Ata qe i trashegojne thjesht vetite e luanit, nuk ia mberrine qellimit si sundimtar. Prandaj sundimtari i mencur nuk duhet ta mbaje fjalen nese ajo shkon ne dem te tij dhe po qe se jane zhdukur shkaqet qe e kane shtyre te premtoje. Sikur te gjithe njerezit te ishin te mire, kjo keshille nuk do te ishte e mire; mirepo, mbasi jane te keqij e mbasi ata nuk do ta mbanin fjalen ndaj teje, as ti nuk duhet ta mbash ndaj tyre. Kurre sundimtarit nuk i kane munguar shkaqet e verteta per te arsyetuar mos mbajtjen e fjales. Lidhur me kete, do te mund te jepeshin shembuj te panumerta qe kane ndodhur rishtas e te tregohet se sa marreveshje per paqe, sa premtime kane mbetur te pavlere e te kota per shkak te pabesise se sundimtareve: ai qe ka ditur, te luaje rolin e dhelpres me mire, ka pasur me shume sukses. Mirepo, lypset te dish mire ta maskosh kete natyre e te jesh shtinjak i madh e hipokrit: njerezit jane aq naiv e aq u binden nevojave prezente sa qe, ai i cili mashtron, gjithmone do te gjeje sish qe lejojne te mashtrohen.

The Electoral Commission If Ghana Past and Present Essays

The Electoral Commission If Ghana Past and Present Essays The Electoral Commission If Ghana Past and Present Essay The Electoral Commission If Ghana Past and Present Essay The hallmark of a democratic system is the willingness of the principal actors/interest in society to accept the inherently uncertain outcomes of the electoral competition. An electoral system is a method by which votes are translated into legislative seats. The Electoral arena in democracy is the most important element of politics; because it is the primary forum of intergroup competition. It is in the house of parliament not in the streets that individuals and groups in multi-ethnic societies are expected to resolve their difference. Ghana’s electoral system has the following basic characteristic: * Universal adult suffrage for citizens who are 18 years or older (it used to be 21 years up to the advent of the Second Republic); * Official registration of voters; * Non-compulsory registration or voting; * Secret ballot; * Registration of political parties; Political parties are not allowed to sponsor candidates for elections to District Assemblies and lower local government units; * Presidential election where the winner requires more than 50% of the valid votes cast; * Parliamentary and local elections on the basis of the first-past-the post; * A run-off election in case no winner emerges on the first ballot; * No minimum voter turn-out required for presidential/parliamentary elections; and * A permanent electoral commission; IMPORTANCE OF THE ELECTORAL SYSTEM Political institutions shape the rules of the game in which democracy is practiced and is often said that the easiest political institution to manipulate for bad or good is the electoral system. In translating votes cast in an election into seats in the legislature, the choice of electoral system can effectively determine who is elected and which party gains power. Under the current study only two most commonly practiced electoral systems will be thoroughly considered: the First Past the Post and the Proportional Representation systems. Though is a known fact that most country’s political framework are often specified in the constitution and thus difficult to amend, electoral system change can thus be subject to manipulations by unscrupulous majority. Mill (1958) The choice of an electoral system may lead a country to formation of coalition government or a minority government while another may allow one party to assume majority control. 2. 1. 2 ELECTORAL SYSTEM AND PARTY SYSTEM The consequences of an electoral system may go beyond primary effects: Some encourage or enforce the formation of political parties; others recognize only individual candidates, others encourage the relative sizes of political parties in the legislature, so is the internal cohesion and the discipline of political parties; some may allow factionalism, while another system encourage parties to speak with one voice and suppress dissent. Mr. Chairman, I must say past attempts to build democracy without parties have failed. Notable examples are the George Washingtons, General De Gaulle, Mikhail Gorbachev and Boris Yeltsin THE INFLUENCE OF AN ELECTORAL SYSTEM An electoral system can influence the way a party campaign and the behavior of political elite, determine the broader political climate, encourage or retard alliances between/among parties. The electoral system can serve as an incentive for parties and groups to be broadly based and accommodating or to base themselves on narrow appeals to ethnicity or kinship ties. THE ROLE OF THE ELECTORAL COMMISSION IN THE DEMOCRATIZATION PROCESS. The framework for the structure of the Electoral Commission of Ghana can be found in 3 articles of the 1992 Constitution of Ghana. Articles 43(1),52 and actile53. There are three models of election management bodies in the world. 1. The Independent Model of Electoral Management 2. The Governmental Model of Electoral Management 3. And the Mixed Model of Electoral Management Some guiding principles for all EMBs: * Independence . Impartiality. Intergrity. Transparency. Efficiency * Professionalism . Service -mindedness FUNCTIONS OF THE COMMISSION The functions and powers of the Commission are spelt out by the Constitution (see Article 45 in particular) and other laws. They may be summarized as follows: * The compilation of the voters register; * The demarcation and periodic revision of electoral boundaries for national and local elections; * The conduct and supervision of all public elections and referenda; * Voter education; * Setting the dates of public elections; Making regulations for the performance of its functions; * Appointment of staff in consultation with the Public Service Commission; * Issuance of national identity cards; As amended by EC Amendment Act 2003 section 2(d) to undertake the preparation of voter identity cards and in section 12(1c) the issue of voter identity cards to repeal the identity cards Decree 1972. * The registration of political parties and supervision of the election of their national and regional exe cutive members; STATUTORY FUNCTIONS Conduct of election of the officers of certain statutory bodies, including: the Trades Union Congress (TUC), the Veterans Association of Ghana (VAG), the Ghana Medical and Dental Association, the Houses of Chiefs, and the District Assemblies. * Proper storage of election materials * Empowers the Commission to register Ghana citizens living abroad i. e persons in service of Ghana or govt duty or UN missions and their spouse. THE MISSION STATEMENT OF THE COMMISSION The EC is a Constitutional body mandated to deliver free and fair elections as a means of advancing the course of democracy and good governance in Ghana. This is to be achieved by: * Developing a professional competent work force that exhibit a high sense of personal integrity. * Building confidence and trust in the electoral system. * Establishing transparency and verifiable electoral process. * Maintaining a high level of accountability of resources made available by the State and Donors. * Treating all stakeholders in elections fairly. Maintaining a reliable and credible voters register and Making the electorate knowledgeable about their rights and responsibilities. ABSTRACT In the early days of democratic elections in most African countries, elections were managed by a department of governments, usually located in a ministry. The changes over a period have increasingly been the establishment of a separate body for purposes of the administration and management of elections. Electo ral Commissions in Africa differs in their structures, functions, powers and the tenure of their members . In spite of this , ideally, the main attribute of an independent electoral commission as in the case of Ghana includes: a practical rather than theoretical legal guarantee of the independent of the commission from government or any other external body, security of tenure of office, commission’s ability to hire, train, reward, discipline and fire it own staff and the provision of adequate resources for the commission to effectively carry out its functions must be guarantee and enforced in law. An overview of the electoral Commission of Ghana, obviously shown an overhaul of the entire set up in order to guarantee transparency, cost-effectiveness election management, use of technology and true collaboration with political parties. In this regard, with the exception of a few things that require secrecy, election administration is seen as public business which must not only be done in the open but must also be opened to public scrutiny. The lessons offered by the Ghanaian experience shown a distinction between a theoretical and practical independent election management body undergoing real structural and non-structural changes in the discharge of its mandates. A condition, I hope other African election administrators are increasingly positioned to an acceptance of this principle.

The Philosophical Naturalism Of David Hume Essay

The Philosophical Naturalism Of David Hume - Essay Example Humes influence is evident in the works of quite a lot of other philosophers, among whom are: Adam Smith, Immanuel Kant, Jeremy Bentham, Charles Darwin, and Thomas Henry Huxley. The diverseness of these writers shows what they gleaned from reading Hume; it reflects not only the richness of their sources but also the wide range of Humes empiricism. Contemporary philosophers recognize Hume as one of the most thoroughgoing exponents of philosophical naturalism. David Hume sought to develop more fully the consequences of Locke's cautious empiricism by applying the scientific methods of observation to a study of human nature itself. He was of the opinion that we cannot rely on the common-sense pronouncements of popular superstition, which illustrate human conduct without offering any illumination, nor can we achieve any genuine progress by means of abstract metaphysical speculation, which imposes a spurious clarity upon profound issues- that we are entirely unjustified in thinking that we can ever know anything about matters of fact. He thought that the alternative is to reject all easy answers; employing the negative results of philosophical skepticism as a legitimate place to start. Hume felt that since human beings live and function in the world, we should try to observe how they do so. The key principle to be applied to any investigation of our cognitive capacities is, then, an attempt to discover the causes of human belief. According to Hume, the proper goal of philosophy is simply to explain why we believe what we do. His own attempt to achieve that goal was the focus of Book I of his book, the Treatise of Human Nature and all of the first Enquiry.

Construction Economics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Construction Economics - Assignment Example The economic policy of a government is generally reflected in its national budget (Jenkins 1978). Partly, it is through the budget that the government exercises its three principal methods of establishing control: the stabilization function, the allocative function and the distributive function. In some cases, economic policies are usually influenced by international institutions such as the World Bank or International Monetary Fund as well as policies of political parties and their beliefs. The business environment within which most housing and construction companies operate has continued to change rapidly throughout the world. Construction companies that fail to adapt or respond to these changes have problems in their survival. Therefore, contractors must be capable of improving their performances continuously in order to out smart their competitors. In nature, the construction company is complex because it consists of a large number of parties as contractors, stakeholders, clients, consultants and regulators. However, despite its complexity, it plays a great role in the achievement and development of the goals of a society. Economic growth refers to the rise of per capita gross domestic product (GDP) or other measures of total income. It is usually represented in annual basis as the rate of change in real GDP. The economic growth of a country depends on the ability of that country to improve its productivity, that is, its ability to produce more goods and services using similar inputs of labor, materials, energy and capital. According to most economists, there are two types of economic growths: the long-term economic growth and short-term economic stabilization. However, economic growth is usually concerned with the long-term type. The short-term type is rather deemed as the business cycle. The leading indicator of the state of economy in a given country is the housing and

Economic Systems Essay Example for Free

Economic Systems Essay Socialism Socialism is an economic system where all the economic decisions are made by the government or a central authority. There will be no private property rights since the government officially owns all resources. It is also known as a command economy or a planned system. Socialist economics refers to the economic theories, practices, and norms of hypothetical and existing socialist economic systems. A socialist economy is based on some form of social ownership, which includes varieties of public ownership and independent cooperatives, over the means of production, wherein production is carried out to directly produce use-value sometimes, but not always, coordinated through economic planning and a system of accounting based on calculation-in-kind or a direct measure of labor-time. The term socialist economics may also be applied to analysis of former and existing economic systems that call themselves socialist, such as the works of Hungarian economist Jà ¡nos Kornai. Socialist economics has been associated with different schools of economic thought, most notably Marxian economics, institutional economics, evolutionary economics and neoclassical economics. Early socialism, like Ricardian socialism, was based on classical economics. During the 20th century, proposals and models for planned economies and market socialism were based heavily on neoclassical economics or a synthesis of neoclassical economics with Marxian or institutional economics. look more:  what is the basic economic problem essay Characteristics 1 Public ownership of resources All the resources are owned and operated by the state or the government in the interest of society as a whole. This is to ensure equal opportunity of all citizens regardless of their income. Public ownership also aims to fully utilize the country’s resources. 2 Central planning authority The central authority is responsible for making economic decisions for society. The authority plans and allocates resources between current consumption and investment for the future. 3 Price mechanism of lesser importance Socialism gives less importance to market forces. Prices are fixed by the government and not determined by demand and supply. Private profits are not allowed and public interest is emphasized in the command economy. 4 Central control and ownership A socialist economy is a fully planned economy where the government intervenes in all aspects of economic activity. The government controls production, consumption, and the distribution of goods and services. Merits of Socialism 1 Production according to basic needs Production in a socialist economy is mainly directed at producing the basic needs of the people such as food, clothing and building materials. It is not determined by the purchasing power of the rich in society. The phenomenon of the rich getting richer and the poor getting poorer does not exist in the socialist economy. 2 Equal distribution of income and wealth There is no difference between the rich and the poor. This system provides equal opportunity for all citizens in earning an income. Wealth is also equally distributed since private enterprise is limited 3 Better allocation of resourses Under the socialist system, the planning authority will allocate resources between current consumption and future investment. 4 No serious unemployment or recession/ inflation The unemployment rate and inflation are usually taken care of by the government to ensure economic stability in the country. 5 Rapid economic development In a socialism system, the economy grows faster. The main factors responsible for the rapic economic growth are the full utilization of resources, planning and quick decisions. 6 Social welfare The government will provide all citizens of the country with full social security benefits such as pension, accident benefits and others. Since the government is concerned, labour dispute and wastage of resources do not exist in a socialism system. Economic Decisions in a Socialistic System What to produce In Socialism, planning authorities decide what to produce. The Central Planning Authority will collect detailed statistics on the resource availability in the country and link it with national priorities. If the planning authority has a choice of producing computers using more labour or more machinery. How to produce The Central Planning Authority also decided on the techniques to be used in the production of different goods and services. The choice is between traditional and modern technique of production. For example, the planning authority has a choice of producing computers using more labour or more machinery. For whom to produce The distribution of the national product is decided by the Central Planning Authority. The distribution of various commodities among citizens is done through a set of administred fixwd processes. Necessity goods are fixed at lower prices, and luxury goods at higher prices. The purpose of these fixed prices is to reduce inequalities in the distribution of income. Demerits of Socialism 1 Lacks of incentives and initative by individuals Individuals have no profit motive. This will lead to economic inefficiency since jobs are provided by the government and individuals are not motivated to work harder. 2 Loss of economic freedom and consumer sovereignty Under a socialist economy, the central planning authority or the government directs all economic activity. There is no choice given to the consumer and they accept whatever public enterprise produce. There is little variety in the goods and services produced and availability is restricted. Limited private organizations exist in a socialist economy. 3 Absence of competition Since there are limited private enterprises, less research and development (RD) activities are carried out. This results in low quality products since there is no competition. Socialist economies in theory Robin Hahnel and Michael Albert identify five economic models within the rubric of socialist economics * Public Enterprise Centrally Planned Economy in which all property is owned by the State and all key economic decisions are made centrally by the State, the former Soviet Union. * Public Enterprise State-Managed Market Economy, one form of market socialism which attempts to use the price mechanism to increase economic efficiency, while all decisive productive assets remain in the ownership of the state, e.g. socialist market economy in China after reform. * A mixed economy, where public and private ownership are mixed, and where industrial planning is ultimately subordinate to market allocation, the model generally adopted by social democrats e.g. in twentieth century Sweden. * Public Enterprise Employee Managed Market Economies, another form of market socialism in which publicly owned, employee-managed production units engage in free market exchange of goods and services with one another as well as with final consumers, e.g. mid twentieth century Yugoslavia, Two more theoretical models are Prabhat Ranjan Sarkars Progressive Utilization Theory and Economic democracy. * Public Enterprise Participatory Planning, an economy featuring social ownership of the means of production with allocation based on an integration of decentralized democratic planning, e.g. stateless communism, libertarian socialism. An incipient historical forebear is that of Catalonia during the Spanish revolution. More developed theoretical models include those of Karl Polanyi, Participatory Economics and the negotiated coordination model of Pat Devine, as well as in Cornelius Castoriadiss pamphlet Workers Councils and the Economics of a Self-Managed Society. Additionally, Jà ¡nos Kornai identifies five distinct classifications for socialism: * Classical / Marxist conception, where socialism is a stage of economic development in which wage labour, private property in the means of production and monetary relations have been made redundant through the development of the productive forces, so that capital accumulation has been superseded by economic planning. Economic planning in this definition means conscious allocation of economic inputs and the means of production by the associated producers to directly maximise use-values as opposed to exchange-values, in contrast to the anarchy of production of capitalism. * Walrasian / Market Socialist which defines socialism as public-ownership or cooperative-enterprises in a market economy, with prices for producer goods set through a trial-and-error method by a central planning board. In this view, socialism is defined in terms of de jure public property rights over major enterprises. * Leninist conception, which includes a form of political organisation based on control of the means of production and government by a single political party apparatus that claims to act in the interest of the working class, and an ideology hostile toward markets and political dissent, with coordination of economic activity through centralised economic planning (a command economy). * Social Democratic concept, based on the capitalist mode of production, which defines socialism as a set of values rather than a specific type of social and economic organisation. It includes unconditional support for parliamentary democracy, gradual and reformist attempts to establish socialism, and support for socially progressive causes. Social democrats are not opposed to the market or private property; instead they try to ameliorate the effects of capitalism through a welfare state, which relies on the market as the fundamental coordinating entity in the economy and a degree of public ownership/public provision of public goods in an economy otherwise dominated by private enterprise. * East Asian model, or socialist market economy, based on a largely free-market, capital accumulation for profit and substantial private ownership along with state-ownership of strategic industries monopolised by a single political party. Jà ¡nos Kornai ultimately leaves the classification of this model (as either socialist or capitalist) to the reader.[16] What are the disadvantages and advantages of socialism? Advantages of Socialism * In environments with plentiful resources, socialism provides all members with their survival needs, creating a stable social environment. * Members that cannot participate economically due to disabilities, age, or periods of poor health can still impart wisdom, emotional support and continuity of experience to the system. * Freedom from work provides opportunity for some societal members to explore non-economically-productive pursuits, such as pure science, math and non-popular arts. Disadvantages of Socialism * Since there is no culling and no economic advantage to working harder, socialistic systems provide no inherent incentive to participate. This makes socialism internally unstable. * Due to a lack of incentives, socialistic systems tend not to be competitive, making them externally unstable. * In times of plenty, immigrants are drawn to the free resources offered by socialistic systems, while potentially adding nothing economically productive. * In times of scarcity, resentment of non-economically-productive members of society increases, causing a destabilizing effect on the society and economy History of socialist economic thought Values of socialism have roots in pre-capitalist institutions such as the religious communes, reciprocal obligations, and communal charity of Mediaeval Europe, the development of its economic theory primarily reflects and responds to the monumental changes brought about by the dissolution of feudalism and the emergence of specifically capitalist social relations. As such it is commonly regarded as a movement belonging to the modern era. Many socialists have considered their advocacy as the preservation and extension of the radical humanist ideas expressed in Enlightenment doctrine such as Jean-Jacques Rousseaus Discourse on Inequality, Wilhelm von Humboldts Limits of State Action, or Immanuel Kants insistent defense of the French Revolution. Capitalism appeared in mature form as a result of the problems raised when an industrial factory system requiring long-term investment and entailing corresponding risks was introduced into an internationalized commercial (mercantilist) framework. Historically speaking, the most pressing needs of this new system were an assured supply of the elements of industry – land, elaborate machinery, and labour – and these imperatives led to the commodification of these elements. According to influential socialist economic historian Karl Polanyis classic account, the forceful transformation of land, money and especially labour into commodities to be allocated by an autonomous market mechanism was an alien and inhuman rupture of the pre-existing social fabric. Marx had viewed the process in a similar light, referring to it as part of the process of primitive accumulation whereby enough initial capital is amassed to begin capitalist production. The dislocation that Polyani and others describe, triggered natural counter-movements in efforts to re-embed the economy in society. These counter-movements, that included, for example, the Luddite rebellions, are the incipient socialist movements. Over time such movements gave birth to or acquired an array of intellectual defenders who attempted to develop their ideas in theory. As Polanyi noted, these counter-movements were mostly reactive and therefore not full-fledged socialist movements. Some demands went no further than a wish to mitigate the capitalist markets worst effects. Later, a full socialist program developed, arguing for systemic transformation. Its theorists believed that even if markets and private property could be tamed so as not to be excessively exploitative, or crises could be effectively mitigated, capitalist social relations would remain significantly unjust and anti-democratic, suppressing universal human needs for fulfilling, empowering and creative work, diversity and solidarity. Within this context socialism has undergone four periods: the first in the 19th century was a period of utopian visions (1780s-1850s); then occurred the rise of revolutionary socialist and Communist movements in the 19th century as the primary opposition to the rise of corporations and industrialization (1830–1916); the polarisation of socialism around the question of the Soviet Union, and adoption of socialist or social democratic policies in response (1916–1989) and the response of socialism in the neo-liberal era (1990- ). As socialism developed, so did the socialist system of economics. Utopian socialism The first theories which came to hold the term socialism began to be formulated in the late 18th century, and were termed socialism early in the 19th century. The central beliefs of the socialism of this period rested on the exploitation of those who labored by those who owned capital or rented land and housing. The abject misery, poverty and disease to which laboring classes seemed destined was the inspiration for a series of schools of thought which argued that life under a class of masters, or capitalists as they were then becoming to be called, would consist of working classes being driven down to subsistence wages. Socialist ideas found expression in utopian movements, which often formed agricultural communes aimed at being self-sufficient on the land. These included many religious movements, such as the Shakers in America. Utopian socialism had little to offer in terms of a systematic theory of economic phenomena. In theory, economic problems were dissolved by a utopian society which had transcended material scarcity. In practice, small communities with a common spirit could sometimes resolve allocation problems. Socialism and classical political economy The first organized theories of socialist economics were significantly impacted by classical economic theory, including elements in Adam Smith, Robert Malthus and David Ricardo. In Smith there is a conception of a common good not provided by the market, a class analysis, a concern for the dehumanizing aspects of the factory system, and the concept of rent as being unproductive. Ricardo argued that the renting class was parasitic. This, and the possibility of a general glut, an over accumulation of capital to produce goods for sale rather than for use, became the foundation of a rising critique of the concept that free markets with competition would be sufficient to prevent disastrous downturns in the economy, and whether the need for expansion would inevitably lead to war. Socialist political economy before Marx Charles Fourier, influential early French socialist thinker A key early socialist theorist of political economy was Pierre-Joseph Proudhon. He was the most well-known of nineteenth century mutualist theorists and the first thinker to refer to himself as an anarchist. Others were: Technocrats like Henri de Saint Simon, agrarian radicals like Thomas Spence, William Ogilvie and William Cobbett; anti-capitalists like Thomas Hodgskin; communitarian and utopian socialists like Robert Owen, William Thompson and Charles Fourier; anti-market socialists like John Gray and John Francis Bray; the Christian mutualist William Batchelder Greene; as well as the theorists of the Chartist movement and early proponents of syndicalism. The first advocates of socialism promoted social leveling in order to create a meritocratic or technocratic society based upon individual talent. Count Henri de Saint-Simon was the first individual to coin the term socialism. Simon was fascinated by the enormous potential of science and technology, which led him to advocate a socialist society that would eliminate the disorderly aspects of capitalism and which would be based upon equal opportunities. Simon advocated a society in which each person was ranked according to his or her capacities and rewarded according to his or her work. This was accompanied by a desire to implement a rationally organized economy based on planning and geared towards large-scale scientific and material progress, which embodied a desire for a semi-planned economy. Other early socialist thinkers were influenced by the classical economists. The Ricardian socialists, such as Thomas Hodgskin and Charles Hall, were based on the work of David Ricardo and reasoned that the equilibrium value of commodities approximated producer prices when those commodities were in elastic supply, and that these producer prices corresponded to the embodied labor. The Ricardian socialists viewed profit, interest and rent as deductions from this exchange-value. Das Kapital Karl Marx employed systematic analysis in an ambitious attempt to elucidate capitalisms contradictory laws of motion, as well as to expose the specific mechanisms by which it exploits and alienates. He radically modified classical political economic theories. Notably, the labor theory of value that had been worked upon by Adam Smith and David Ricardo, was transformed into his characteristic law of value and used for the purpose of revealing how commodity fetishism obscures the reality of capitalist society. His approach, which Engels would call scientific socialism, would stand as the branching point in economic theory: in one direction went those who rejected the capitalist system as fundamentally anti-social, arguing that it could never be harnessed to effectively realize the fullest development of human potentialities wherein the free development of each is the condition for the free development of all.. Das Kapital is one of the many famous incomplete works of economic theory: Marx had planned four volumes, completed two, and left his collaborator Engels to complete the third. In many ways the work is modelled on Adam Smiths Wealth of Nations, seeking to be a comprehensive logical description of production, consumption and finance in relation to morality and the state. It is a work of philosophy, anthropology and sociology as much as one of economics. However, it has several important statements: * The Law of Value Capitalist production is the production of â€Å"an immense multitude of commodities† or generalised commodity production. A commodity has two essential qualities firstly, they are useful, they satisfy some human want, â€Å"the nature of such wants, whether, for instance, they spring from the stomach or from fancy, makes no difference,† and secondly they are sold on a market or exchanged. Critically the exchange value of a commodity â€Å"is independent of the amount of labour required to appropriate its useful qualities.† But rather depends on the amount of socially necessary labour required to produce it. All commodities are sold at their value, so the origin of the capitalist profit is not in cheating or theft but in the fact that the cost of reproduction of labour power, or the workers wage, is less than the value created during their time at work, enabling the capitalists to yield a surplus value or profit on their investments. * Historical Property Relations Historical capitalism represents a process of momentous social upheaval where rural masses were separated from the land and ownership of the means of production by force, deprivation, and legal manipulation, creating an urban proletariat based on the institution of wage-labour. Moreover, capitalist property relations aggravated the artificial separation between city and country, which is a key factor in accounting for the metabolic rift between human beings in capitalism and their natural environment, which is at the root of our current ecological dilemmas. * Commodity Fetishism Marx adapted previous value-theory to show that in capitalism phenomena involved with the price system (markets, competition, supply and demand) constitute a powerful ideology that obscures the underlying social relations of capitalist society. Commodity fetishism refers to this distortion of appearance. The underlying social reality is one of economic exploitation. * Economic Exploitation Workers are the fundamental creative source of new value. Property relations affording the right of usufruct and despotic control of the workplace to capitalists are the devices by which the surplus value created by workers is appropriated by the capitalists. * Accumulation Inherent to capitalism is the incessant drive to accumulate as a response to the competitive forces acting upon all capitalists. In such a context the accumulated wealth which is the source of the capitalists social power derives itself from being able to repeat the circuit of MoneyCommodityMoney, where the capitalist receives an increment or surplus value higher than their initial investment, as rapidly and efficiently as possible. Moreover this driving imperative leads capitalism to its expansion on a worldwide scale. * Crises Marx identified natural and historically specific (i.e. structural) barriers to accumulation that were interrelated and interpenetrated one another in times of crises. Different types of crises, such as realization crises and overproduction crises, are expressions of capitalisms inability to constructively overcome such barriers. Moreover, the upshot of crises is increased centralization, the expropriation of the many capitalists by the few. * Centralization The interacting forces of competition, endemic crises, intensive and extensive expansion of the scale of production, and a growing interdependency with the state apparatus, all promote a strong developmental tendency towards the centralization of capital. * Material Development As a result of its constant drive to optimize profitability by increasing the productivity of labour, typically by revolutionizing technology and production techniques, capitalism develops so as to progressively reduce the objective need for work, suggesting the potential for a new era of creative forms of work and expanded scope for leisure. * Socialization, and the pre-conditions for Revolution By socializing the labour process, concentrating workers into urban settings in large-scale production processes and linking them in a worldwide market, the agents of a potential revolutionary change are created. Thus Marx felt that in the course of its development capitalism was at the same time developing the preconditions for its own negation. However, although the objective conditions for change are generated by the capitalist system itself, the subjective conditions for social revolution can only come about through the apprehension of the objective circumstances by the agents themselves and the transformation of such understanding into an effective revolutionary program Anarchist economics Anarchist economics is the set of theories and practices of economics and economic activity within the political philosophy of anarchism. Pierre Joseph Proudhon was involved with the Lyons mutualists and later adopted the name to describe his own teachings. Mutualism is an anarchist school of thought that originates in the writings of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, who envisioned a society where each person might possess a means of production, either individually or collectively, with trade representing equivalent amounts of labor in the free market. Integral to the scheme was the establishment of a mutual-credit bank that would lend to producers at a minimal interest rate, just high enough to cover administration. Mutualism is based on a labor theory of value that holds that when labor or its product is sold, in exchange, it ought to receive goods or services embodying the amount of labor necessary to produce an article of exactly similar and equal utility. Receiving anything less would be considered exploitation, theft of labor, or usury. Collectivist anarchism (also known as anarcho-collectivism) is a revolutionary doctrine that advocates the abolition of the state and private ownership of the means of production. Instead, it envisions the means of production being owned collectively and controlled and managed by the producers themselves. Once collectivization takes place, workers salaries would be determined in democratic organizations based on the amount of time they contributed to production. These salaries would be used to purchase goods in a communal market. Collectivist anarchism is most commonly associated with Mikhail Bakunin, the anti-authoritarian sections of the First International, and the early Spanish anarchist movement. The Conquest of Bread by Peter Kropotkin, influential work which presents the economic vision ofanarcho-communism Anarchist communism is a theory of anarchism which advocates the abolition of the state, private property, and capitalism in favor of common ownership of the means of production, direct democracy and a horizontal network of voluntary associations and workers councils with production and consumption based on the guiding principle: from each according to ability, to each according to need. Unlike mutualism, collectivist anarchism and marxism, anarcho-communism as defended by Peter Kropotkin and Errico Malatesta rejected the labor theory of value altogether, instead advocating a gift economy and to base distribution on need. Anarchist communism as a coherent, modern economic-political philosophy was first formulated in the Italian section of the First International by Carlo Cafiero, Emilio Covelli, Errico Malatesta, Andrea Costa and other ex-Mazzinian Republicans. Out of respect for Mikhail Bakunin, they did not make their differences with collectivist anarchism explicit until after Bakunins death. By the early 1880s, most of the European anarchist movement had adopted an anarchist communist position, advocating the abolition of wage labour and distribution according to need. Ironically, the collectivist label then became more commonly associated with Marxist state socialists who advocated the retention of some sort of wage system during the transition to full communism. After Marx Marxs work sharpened the existing differences between the revolutionary and non-revolutionary socialists. Non-revolutionary socialists took inspiration from the work of John Stuart Mill, and later Keynes and the Keynesians, who provided theoretical justification for (potentially very extensive) state involvement in an existing market economy. According to the Keynesians, if the business cycle could be solved by national ownership of key industries and state direction of their investment, class antagonism would be effectively tamed a compact would be formed between labour and the capitalists. There would be no need for revolution; instead Keynes looked to the eventual euthanasia of the rentier sometime in the far future. Joan Robinson and Michael Kalecki employed Keynesian insights to form the basis of a critical post-Keynesian economics that at times went well beyond liberal reformism. Many original socialist economic ideas would also emerge out of the trade union movement In the wake of Marx, Marxist economists developed many different, sometimes contradictory tendencies. Some of these tendencies were based on internal disputes about the meaning of some of Marxs ideas, including the Law of Value and his crisis theory. Other variations were elaborations that subsequent theorists made in light of real world developments. For example the monopoly capitalist school saw Paul A. Baran and Paul Sweezy attempt to modify Marxs theory of capitalist development, which was based upon the assumption of price competition, to reflect the evolution to a stage where both economy and state were subject to the dominating influence of giant corporations. World-systems analysis, would restate Marxs ideas about the worldwide division of labour and the drive to accumulate from the holistic perspective of capitalisms historical development as a global system. Accordingly, Immanuel Wallerstein, writing in 1979, maintained that There are today no socialist systems in the world-economy any more than there are feudal systems because there is only one world-system. It is a world-economy and it is by definition capitalist in form. Socialism involves the creation of a new kind of world-system, neither a redistributive world-empire nor a capitalist world-economy but a socialist world-government. I dont see this projection as being in the least utopian but I also dont feel its institution is imminent. It will be the outcome of a long social struggle in forms that may be familiar and perhaps in very few forms, that will take place in all the areas of the world-economy. Meanwhile other notable strands of reformist and revolutionary socialist economics sprung up that were either only loosely associated with Marxism or wholly independent. Thorsten Veblen is widely credited as the founder of critical institutionalism. His idiosyncratic theorizing included acidic critiques of the inefficiency of capitalism, monopolies, advertising, and the utility of conspicuous consumption. Some institutionalists have addressed the incentive problems experienced by the Soviet Union. Critical institutionalists have worked on the specification of incentive-compatible institutions, usually based on forms of participatory democracy, as a resolution superior to allocation by an autonomous market mechanism. Another key socialist, closely related to Marx, Keynes, and Gramsci, was Piero Sraffa. He mined classical political economy, particularly Ricardo, in an attempt to erect a value theory that was at the same time an explanation of the normal distribution of prices in an economy, as well that of income and economic growth. A key finding was that the net product or surplus in the sphere of production was determined by the balance of bargaining power between workers and capitalists, which was in turn subject to the influence of non-economic, presumably social and political factors.

Physics of Self Bailing Boats and How I Built One :: physics boat boating ship

The Basic Principle behind a Self Bailing Boat Actually the idea is quite simple really, it consists of a floor above the hull with open drain plugs in the rear of the boat and above the water line. By this simple method as water comes in to the boat it will drain right out of the back. If too much weight is in the boat then water will simply come in through the drain holes. This is no worry to me because I can always just put some plugs in the drain holes when carrying a heavy load. I made the decision to build the aluminum skiff 17ft long and strong enough to hold an outboard motor with a mass of 141kg (approx. mass of 90Hp Mercury). My Boat Dimensions I made the decision to build the aluminum skiff 17ft long and strong enough to hold an outboard motor with a mass of 141kg (approx. mass of 90Hp Mercury). Knowing the amount of material I would need; I then went on to estimate the mass of the boat when finished to be 239kg. I also made the decision to build a fuel tank in the front of the boat holding 141kg of gasoline (≈ 38gal). The design of the boat permits the boat bottom to have an estimated area of submersion of 5.55m2 (L= 3.7m W=1.5m). With these measurements in hand I knew I needed a way to determine the height from the bottom of the boat at which I should build my second deck and drain plugs. I got a value from a veteran boat builder but surely there was an equation to help me out. Archimedes’s Principle for Floating Objects: So hears the theory: Archimedes principle says that the magnitude of the buoyant force always equals the weight of the fluid displaced by the object. This buoyant force always acts upward through the point that was the center of gravity of the displaced fluid. In the case of floating objects the buoyant force is equal to the force of gravity on the object. Knowing that the change in pressure is equal to the Buoyant force per unit area (ΔP = B/A) we see that B = (ΔP)A and ΔP = Ï gH where Ï  is the density of the fluid g is the acceleration due to gravity and H is the height of the fluid displaced.

Avatar- Movie Film Review

Film Review By: Rutba Rahman Avatar is a 2009 science fiction film directed by James Cameron. The movie stars are Sam Worthington, Zoe Saldana and Sigourney Weaver. James Cameron’s movies have grossed approximately US $2 billion in North America. James Cameron’s previous films that he is known for are The Terminator (1984), True Lies (1994) and Titanic (1996). The purpose of Avatar is incarnation, in the movie it means that the future human technology is capable of injecting a human’s intelligence into a biological body. Avatar has shown incarnation beautifully and it has explained the Na’vi (extraterrestrial humans) correctly by showing their different lifestyle and behavior from humans. Avatar’s plot is that a disabled ex-marine named Jake Sully finds life on the planet Pandora, only to find him battling mankind with the planet’s Na’vi race. Jake is sent to learn their ways so that he can help relocate them and the humans can take over. Neytiri is the daughter of the Na’vi leaders Mo’at and Eytukan. She is brave, loyal and strong willed. When she meets Jake she begins to fall in love with him because of his bravery. Grace Augustine is a scientist who studies the plants and creatures of Pandora. She is the head of the avatar program, and she is peaceful with the Na’vi clan because she set up a school to teach them English. The characters in Avatar are believable characters, such as Jake Sully, Neytiri and Grace Augustine. Jake Sully is a believable character because he is charismatic, and acts as a strong leader, he is courageous because he takes a stand for what he has believes is wrong, and he is brave because he is willing to fight against the military. Neytri is a believable character because she is devoted to her people and is willing to put herself in a dangerous situation for the sake of her clan. Grace Augustine is also a believable character because she is very fond of and close to her Na'vi students. The actors’ interpretation of the characters is remarkable. Zoe Saldana plays the heroine Neytiri. Zoe Saldana gave an emotional and strong performance throughout the movie. Sam Worthington plays the hero Jake Sully in the movie. Sam has shown outstanding interpretation for Jake because he has an intuitive quality that makes the audience believe that people would follow him. He was handpicked by James Cameron because he had sensitivity, vulnerability and strength. The Cinematographer for Avatar is Mauro Fiore. The film’s central challenge is depicting an imaginary and digitally crafted world with a persistent sense of realism. At first the Na’vi species were drawn with fins and gills. Then they were redesigned to look more like humans so the audience could relate to them better. James Cameron developed a specially designed camera that allowed the facial expressions of the actors to be captured and digitally recorded for the animators to use later. The entire background of Pandora’s floating mountains, including the light source is represented on set only by a green screen. Every scene involved some sort of interactive light. James Horner created a soundtrack that reflected the Na'vi way of sound and he created a small chorus singing in the alien language Na'vi. The main theme of the movie is Human Vs Nature. The destruction of the natural world will lead ultimately to the destruction of mankind. The film’s strong points are the Special Effects because they are incredible and used well. They are weaved into the story beautifully, and they come off effortlessly. The acting was done extremely well. Much of the actors’ emotions could be seen through their Avatar characters. The details were thought out and used as a part of the environment. James Cameron has truly created his own world. The audience truly feels as if they have been transported into a new world while watching the film. The low points of the movie were the negative action, because of the inhumanity being shown, such as destruction and violence. The story is efficiently developed but the film is easily overshadowed by special effects. I would recommend this movie to others because the entire story is fantastic. The significant message of this movie is that all living things are connected and those who seek to exploit nature rather than respect it, will only destroy themselves. I would rate this film 10/10 because I think it’s a great achievement and it has produced a great effort to make.

Our Impact On The Environment Essay - 689 Words

The Tragedy of the Commons has been used to explain how human interference has resulted in negative outcomes for the natural environment. Those who maintain resources by a community controlled basis seem to care much more about who else uses them. The people are worried about how much of the resource they will be able to benefit from and how much they can have which makes them more concerned about the possibility of someone else overusing the limited resource (diamond, et al, 2007). One person won’t want another person to have open and uncontrolled access to the same resource that they want. A major cause of the â€Å"Tragedy† is due to a lack of information. Several people who use the common resource may not know where it originally came†¦show more content†¦When the percentage of carbon increases the temperatures of earth’s surface also increases, known as global warming. Therefore, I can say that this un-renewable resource can relate to The Tragedy of the Commons because presently we couldn’t do with it and our country is deficient of alternative resources. Since majority of people are reliant on this resource, it is bound to be used up rather quickly even though it may not be the intended objective. With this being said, the fossil fuels will undoubtedly diminish while we won’t have any sustainable alternative resource available. So, in one sense we need to preserve it to buy time to figure out a new source, and in another sense it is hurting the people and air pollution. Even though there are many problems affiliated with the use of fossil fuels, there are also very important pros that can be taken into respect. For example, the combustion of fossil fuels generates a large amount of usable energy, it can be found easily, the extraction process and refining are not especially time consuming and consequently, can be easily converted and transported for practical purposes (Mukherjee, 2010). The task of processing the fossil fuels generates employment for millions of people all across the globe (Mukherjee, 2010). Nearly all of the problems result in health concerns or future problems of simple modern day living. It has essential properties, yet detrimental effects. In contrast, the cons outweigh the pros.Show MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Marine Pollution On Our Environment1530 Words   |  7 PagesMarcus Sarvis Mrs.Ashley Rutherford English IV 12 October 2017 The Impacts of Marine Pollution in Society Throughout history humans have always neglected the ocean and polluted the ocean. Pollution has been around even since the Roman times. 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